Microbial Metabolism, Enzymes, and ATP
1. Define:
Metabolism - The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring within a living organism. This includes anabolism (building reactions) and catabolism (breakdown reactions).
Endergonic - Endergonic reactions are chemical reactions that require an uptake of energy. Anabolic reactions require that energy be provided, and are endergonic.
Holoenzyme - A holoenzyme is the active form of a conjugated enzyme and is formed by combining a protein (apoenzyme) with some type of helper (cofactor, coenzyme or prosthetic group).
Phosphorylation - Chemical reactions that yield ATP are referred to as phosphorylation reactions, and are endergonic (ADP + Pi + energy = ATP). However, other reactions that involve the addition of inorganic phosphate to organic molecules are also phosphorylation reactions. Phosphorylation reactions that yield ATP can be divided into three types; substrate level, oxidative, and photophosphorylation.
Oxidation - Chemical reactions that involve the addition of oxygen to or the removal of electrons and hydrogen protons from atoms or molecules are called oxidation reactions (LEO).
2. bioenergetics/endergonic
3. metabolism/enzyme
4. phosphorylation
5. exergonic/ phosphorylation
6. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)/ GTP, CTP, UTP, etc. Nucleotide triphosphates that include ribose are called r-NTPs while those that include deoxyribose are called d-NTPs. Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-Co-A) and succinyl-coenzyme A (succinyl-Co-A) may also be considered as high energy compounds.
7. reduced
8. oxidized
9. increasing the interaction between molecules/ decreasing the energy of activation (activation energy) required to initiate chemical reactions.
10. enzymes/ temperature, pH
11. increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur. They may increase the speed of chemical reactions hundreds or thousands of times./ Since they are not changed by the reactions they catalyze, enzymes can be used over and over again.
12. conjugated/ cofactors
13. concentration/ competitive inhibitors
14. allosteric
15. exoenzymes
16. coenzyme
17. coenzymes/ riboflavin
18. matching letter sequence is - F, D, J, H, A, E, C, G, B and I.
19. NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
20. cytochromes/ pick up and release electrons (they serve as electron carriers).
21. constitutive
22. chemical reactions that result in the catabolism of proteins and lipids respectively/ add one or more carboxyl groups to a molecule/ builds a polymer such as DNA or RNA.
Copyright 2002 Sierra College Biological Sciences Department
Last updated: 11/09/04.
